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2z

QUOTES

‘Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply give you courage’.

Lao Tzu

ADDING EMPHASIS. INVERSION

w In formal English, especially in writing, we sometimes change the normal word order to make the sentence more emphatic or dramatic.

w This structure is common with negative adverbial expressions such as:.

Not only…, Never…, No sooner…than (= a formal way of saying as soon as)

  

  

When we use inversion after the above expressions, we change the order of the subject and (auxiliary) verb.

w In the present simple and past simple tense, rather than simply inverting the subject and verb we use do/ does/ did.

DO           DOES      + subject + main verb DID

  

w Inversion is also used after the expressions:

                                   

Scarcely …       when    Hardly

Only   then…            when…

Rarely…

                                                   

  NOTE: Inversion should only be used occasionally for dramatic effect. Overusing it will make your English sound unnatural. 

SPECULATION AND DEDUCTION. MODAL VERBS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

modal verbs: must/ may/ might/ can’t/ should

1. MUST

w Use must + infinitive to say that we are almost sure sth is true about the present.

w Use must have + past participle to say that we are almost sure sth was true o happened in the past.

MUST + INF

" present                                                    almost SURE is/ was true                                                                                  or happened in the present/ past           

MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

" past

2. CAN’T and COULDN’T

w We can can’t and can’t/ couldn’t + perfect infinitive to say that we are almost sure that sth isn’t true in the present o didn’t happen/ wasn’t true in the past.

  

NOTE:  Not musn’t/ musn’t have.

CAN’T

                                                                   almost SURE isn’t/ wasn’t

CAN’T                  +  perfect infinitive COULDN’T               (HAVE + past participle)                                    [e.g. have been]

          true or didn’t happen in the present/ past    

            

                          

           

3. MAY, MIGHT and COULD

w We use may/ might/ could + infinitive and may/might/ could + present infinitive to say that we think it’s possible that sth is true in the present or was true/ happened in the past.

MAY          MIGHT       + infinitive COULD

   " present      

                                                 think it’s POSSIBLE true/

                                              or happened in the present/ past

MAY          MIGHT       + perfect infinitive COULD

   

 " past                           

                                    

   

4. SHOULD

w Use should + infinitive/ should have + past participle to describe a situation you expect to happen or would expect to have happened in the past. 

SHOULD + infinitive

 " present  

                                       EXPECT to happen/ 

SHOULD have + participle

" past                                 have happened in the present/ past

                                           

adjectives and adverbs for speculation

5. BOND and SURE

w Bound and sure are adjectives. We use be bound/ be sure + infinitive to say that we think sth is certain to be true or to happen.

BE  +     BOUND        +   infinitive                        SURE

                          CERTAIN

                          to be true/ happen in the future     

 

 6. LIKELY and UNLIKELY

w Likely and unlikely are adjectives. We can use subject + be likely/ unlikely + infinitive, or it is likely/ unlikely + that + clause. (= probably/ expected)

subject +    BE   +      LIKELY          + infinitive                                   UNLIKELY

  

   

7. DEFINITELY and PROBABLY

w Definitely and probably are adverbs. They go before a main verb and after the auxiliary in positive sentences; and before the auxiliary verb in negative sentences.

  

auxiliary verb   +      DEFINITELY       + main verb                               PROBABLY

 +    sentence

  

     

DEFINITELY       + auxiliary verb +  main verb PROBABLY

     –   sentence

     

  

w With be they go after the verb in positive sentences and before it in negative sentences.

BE +      DEFINITELY                                    PROBABLY

 +    sentence                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

DEFINITELY    + BE                       PROBABLY

     –   sentence

     

EXPRESSIONS WITH GET

get a life	used to talk about your own life or to tell sb to do sth more exciting with their life
get a shock	be very surprised, especially by sth unpleasant
get away from	go somewhere to have a holiday and relax
get away with	to do sth bad without being punished for it
get behind	have not done as much work or made as many payments as sb should have, don’t keep up to date with sb work or studies
get by	manage
get hold of	make contact with
get into	put on (clothes,…)
get into troble	find yourself in a situation in which yu can be criticized or punished
get my own back on	take revenge on sb
get on like a house on fire	to get on very well with sb
get on sb’s nerves	to annoy sb
get out of	avoid doing sth
get out of the way	move to one side to allow sb or sth to pass
get real	see things as they really are, don’t act in a stupid/ unreasonable way
get rid of	throw away, make yourself free of sb or sth
get stopped
get the chance	have the opportunity
get the impression	think, have an idea or opinion
get the joke	understand a joke
get the message	understand what sb is trying to tell you
get the wrong end of the stick	to misunderstand sb when they explain a situation to you or plans/ arrangements
get to know	discover what sb or sth is really like
get your act together	to organize yourself more effectively in order to be able to achieve sth
get your hair cut
get your head down	work hard at sth that involves reading or writing
get your own way	get or do what you want, especially when sb has tried to stop you
getting old	grow old, to age
to be getting on (always in continuous form)	to be getting old

X

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES II. EXAMPLES

1. ZERO CONDITIONALS

If you've been warned, you've got no excuse.

You get tired if you run a long way.
I haven't seen you for ages. What have you been doing?

2. FIRST CONDITIONALS

We might have a barbacue if it doesn't rain.

If you talk to Albert, he'll help you.
Wish me luck! If I get the job, I will let you know.

3. SECOND CONDITIONALS

If your cousins were staying longer, we could visit the mountains.

We wouldn't be surprised if there was a strike.
If I were you, I wouldn't spent so much money.

4. THIRD CONDITIONALS

If we had known in advance, we would have chosen diferently.

They wouldn't have written the letter if they had known the facts.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. BASIC CONSTRUCTION

1. ZERO CONDITIONALS

Time reference	Verb in Main Clause	Verb in Conditional Clause
all time	Present, usually Present Simple	Present, usually Present Simple

2. FIRST CONDITIONALS

Time reference	Verb in Main Clause	Verb in Conditional Clause
future	will, (might)	Present, usually Present Simple

3. SECOND CONDITIONALS

Time reference	Verb in Main Clause	Verb in Conditional Clause
present or future	would, (could, might)	Past, usually Past Simple

4. THIRD CONDITIONALS

Time reference	Verb in Main Clause	Verb in Conditional Clause
past	would, (could, might) + have + Past Participle	Past Perfect

NARRATIVE

Tell a story

We had a three-day weekend and we thought of going away for the weekend. We decided to go to Malaga. We would go shopping and spend a few hours in the spa as well, in order to relax and switch off from the monotony. It seemed (to be) a good idea, however I would have preferred to stay at home. During the journey we were talking about when we were due to arrive at the hotel and planning to go drinking (go out for a drink). When we arrived at the hotel we left our luggage in the room and we went down to the dining room to have dinner. We ate a delicious menu with an assortment of Japanese dishes. (The) Next day, when we woke up Peter said to me that he did not feel well and that he had had nightmares overnight. Furthermore, despite the fact that he took a few pills he still had a temperature. Therefore, we had to cancel our reservations in the spa and restaurant, and visit the doctor. The doctor said he probably had high temperature owing to food poisoning so, he had better be admitted to hospital (go to a hospital) for at least four days. Obviously, I did not want to leave him alone, and consequently I spent days and nights at hospital. He got better gradually, but he was not well enough to drive back home. There was no use worrying. There was nothing we could do, only wait. As soon as he got well we returned home.

Nowadays, in spite of the mishap we often go to Malaga to spend our free time going on a hike (hiking) and admiring the great landscape.