ADJECTIVES WITH –ED AND –ING

t Some adjectives do not have both forms –ed and –ing.

   With –ed: express how the person feels about sth.

   With –ing: describe the person or thing which produces the feeling.

t Some changes adding –ed, -ing, -er and –est

   - Become double consonant:

a)      one syllable word ends in consonant+vowel+consonant

b)      two or more syllable word ends in consonant+vowel+consonant and final syllable is stressed

c)      word ends in –l after a single vowel (UK)

- Don’t double final consonant:

a)      two final consonants

b)      two vowel before final consonant

c)      word ends in a vowel

d)      for a verb, the stress is not on the final syllable

e)      word ends in –in, -w, -x, -y

- With final –y:

a)      –y + -ed = becomes i + -ed

b)      –y + ing, doesn’t change

- Other changes:

         ex. lie " lying, lied                die " dying, died                   lay " laying, laid                   try " trying, tried

t Some changes adding prefixes and suffixes

-The final –e drops:

            a) consonant before –e + suffix begins in vowel (-er, -ed, -ing, -ance, -ation,…)

- When –e doesn’t drop:

         a) suffix begins with a consonant

- Final –y becomes –i

t Adding prefixes

- Without changes making words in negative:

a)      dis-, in-, un-

b)      –ir with words beginning with r-

c)      –im with words beginning with m- or p-